Arkhe Performance Benchmarks

Performance comparison between Arkhe, es-toolkit, es-toolkit/compat and lodash-es.

Data auto-generated on Feb 20, 2026.

TL;DR

Arkhe wins ~53% of benchmarks. Fastest for typical use cases (small to medium arrays). Lodash can be faster on very large arrays (10K+ items) thanks to internal hash-based caching.

Operations per second. Higher is better.

Methodology

To ensure a fair comparison, benchmarks are adapted from es-toolkit's benchmark suite. Using a well-known, third-party benchmark suite avoids any bias in our favor.

Does Performance Matter?

Not all functions matter equally for performance. A map called 10,000 times in a loop matters more than a debounce called once at setup. We assign weights based on real-world usage patterns:

Perf matters?	Weight	Description	Examples
CRITICAL A lot	5 pts	Hot path functions called in tight loops	map, filter, reduce, groupBy, chunk
HIGH Yes	3 pts	Frequently used utilities, but not in tight loops	get, set, pick, omit, cloneDeep
MEDIUM A bit	1 pt	Occasional utilities	Type guards (isArray, isString), string formatting
LOW No	0.5 pts	Setup-only functions where runtime perf is irrelevant	debounce, throttle, once, memoize

This scoring gives a more realistic picture of which library will actually make your app faster.

Benchmark adjustments

We made minor adjustments to some benchmarks to ensure they measure actual function execution rather than just function creation.

Each benchmark tests two scenarios:

Small arrays: Typical real-world usage (3-10 items)
Large arrays: Stress test with 10,000 items

The "fastest" label indicates the best performer for each test.

Libraries Tested

Library	Version	Description
arkhe	`1.1.0`	This module
es-toolkit	`1.44.0`	Modern utility library
lodash-es	`4.17.23`	ES modules lodash

Benchmarks run on Feb 20, 2026

Benchmark Results

Test	arkhe	es-toolkit	es-toolkit/compat	lodash-es
Array
chunk CRITICAL \| 5 pts	14.32M ops/s (1.43x)	14.31M ops/s (1.43x)	14.20M ops/s (1.44x)	20.49M ops/s fastest
chunk largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	292.39K ops/s (1x)	289.24K ops/s (1.01x)	292.63K ops/s fastest	97.64K ops/s (3x)
countBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	5.12M ops/s (1.14x)	5.84M ops/s fastest	N/A	4.77M ops/s (1.22x)
countBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	6.29K ops/s (1.01x)	6.36K ops/s fastest	N/A	3.69K ops/s (1.73x)
difference CRITICAL \| 5 pts	21.76M ops/s fastest	13.27M ops/s (1.64x)	10.23M ops/s (2.13x)	6.03M ops/s (3.61x)
difference largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	4.99K ops/s (1.81x)	3.66K ops/s (2.47x)	4.72K ops/s (1.92x)	9.05K ops/s fastest
differenceBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	7.62M ops/s (1.19x)	9.07M ops/s fastest	6.93M ops/s (1.31x)	5.70M ops/s (1.59x)
differenceBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	12.66K ops/s fastest	2.85K ops/s (4.45x)	2.88K ops/s (4.39x)	8.61K ops/s (1.47x)
differenceWith CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.69M ops/s (1.01x)	20.84M ops/s fastest	8.73M ops/s (2.39x)	6.19M ops/s (3.37x)
differenceWith largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	17.99 ops/s (1.07x)	18.39 ops/s (1.05x)	18.75 ops/s (1.03x)	19.30 ops/s fastest
drop CRITICAL \| 5 pts	21.55M ops/s (1.18x)	18.69M ops/s (1.36x)	18.78M ops/s (1.35x)	25.37M ops/s fastest
drop largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	1.72M ops/s (1.02x)	1.72M ops/s (1.02x)	1.75M ops/s fastest	176.89K ops/s (9.88x)
dropRight CRITICAL \| 5 pts	17.85M ops/s (1.55x)	19.88M ops/s (1.39x)	18.24M ops/s (1.51x)	27.62M ops/s fastest
dropRight largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	1.72M ops/s fastest	1.72M ops/s (1x)	1.71M ops/s (1.01x)	194.64K ops/s (8.82x)
dropRightWhile CRITICAL \| 5 pts	18.70M ops/s fastest	18.49M ops/s (1.01x)	14.74M ops/s (1.27x)	14.12M ops/s (1.32x)
dropRightWhile largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	808.08K ops/s fastest	798.95K ops/s (1.01x)	251.66K ops/s (3.21x)	59.50K ops/s (13.58x)
dropWhile CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.44M ops/s fastest	19.73M ops/s (1.04x)	14.15M ops/s (1.44x)	14.68M ops/s (1.39x)
dropWhile largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	340.90K ops/s fastest	26.03K ops/s (13.1x)	15.13K ops/s (22.54x)	30.90K ops/s (11.03x)
fill CRITICAL \| 5 pts	27.06M ops/s fastest	18.66M ops/s (1.45x)	19.99M ops/s (1.35x)	19.00M ops/s (1.42x)
fill customRange CRITICAL \| 5 pts	26.79M ops/s fastest	20.65M ops/s (1.3x)	20.39M ops/s (1.31x)	17.95M ops/s (1.49x)
findLast CRITICAL \| 5 pts	27.53M ops/s fastest	N/A	13.53M ops/s (2.04x)	13.94M ops/s (1.98x)
findLast largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	53.91K ops/s fastest	N/A	27.29K ops/s (1.98x)	31.74K ops/s (1.7x)
findLastIndex CRITICAL \| 5 pts	30.56M ops/s fastest	N/A	16.37M ops/s (1.87x)	29.53M ops/s (1.03x)
findLastIndex largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	54.67K ops/s fastest	N/A	28.01K ops/s (1.95x)	32.08K ops/s (1.7x)
groupBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	8.97M ops/s fastest	6.90M ops/s (1.3x)	5.45M ops/s (1.65x)	7.58M ops/s (1.18x)
groupBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	12.07K ops/s fastest	7.70K ops/s (1.57x)	6.42K ops/s (1.88x)	5.67K ops/s (2.13x)
intersection CRITICAL \| 5 pts	8.39M ops/s (1.44x)	12.05M ops/s fastest	7.12M ops/s (1.69x)	5.61M ops/s (2.15x)
intersection largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	2.42K ops/s (1.67x)	2.16K ops/s (1.87x)	2.24K ops/s (1.81x)	4.05K ops/s fastest
intersectionBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	10.79M ops/s fastest	8.91M ops/s (1.21x)	4.64M ops/s (2.33x)	1.97M ops/s (5.48x)
intersectionBy largeArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	1.46K ops/s (1.02x)	1.48K ops/s fastest	896 ops/s (1.66x)	1.19K ops/s (1.24x)
intersectionWith CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.15M ops/s fastest	19.31M ops/s (1.04x)	4.61M ops/s (4.37x)	5.03M ops/s (4.01x)
intersectionWith largeArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	3.15 ops/s (1x)	3.16 ops/s (1x)	3.16 ops/s fastest	2.73 ops/s (1.16x)
keyBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	12.15M ops/s fastest	11.87M ops/s (1.02x)	9.38M ops/s (1.3x)	10.57M ops/s (1.15x)
keyBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	2.23K ops/s (1x)	2.24K ops/s fastest	2.07K ops/s (1.08x)	2.04K ops/s (1.1x)
maxBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	27.62M ops/s (1.03x)	28.32M ops/s fastest	14.90M ops/s (1.9x)	24.38M ops/s (1.16x)
maxBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	112.77K ops/s fastest	112.41K ops/s (1x)	21.86K ops/s (5.16x)	21.12K ops/s (5.34x)
minBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	25.77M ops/s (1.01x)	26.04M ops/s fastest	13.06M ops/s (1.99x)	23.70M ops/s (1.1x)
minBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	106.61K ops/s (1.02x)	108.56K ops/s fastest	22.33K ops/s (4.86x)	21.07K ops/s (5.15x)
orderBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	3.90M ops/s (1.06x)	4.14M ops/s fastest	2.62M ops/s (1.58x)	2.14M ops/s (1.93x)
orderBy withFunctions CRITICAL \| 5 pts	4.11M ops/s (1.03x)	4.23M ops/s fastest	2.84M ops/s (1.49x)	2.32M ops/s (1.82x)
partition CRITICAL \| 5 pts	18.41M ops/s (1x)	18.48M ops/s fastest	18.40M ops/s (1x)	17.55M ops/s (1.05x)
partition largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	35.24K ops/s fastest	35.02K ops/s (1.01x)	15.12K ops/s (2.33x)	10.31K ops/s (3.42x)
reverse CRITICAL \| 5 pts	971.91K ops/s (1.28x)	N/A	1.23M ops/s (1.01x)	1.25M ops/s fastest
sample MEDIUM \| 1 pts	24.26M ops/s fastest	22.23M ops/s (1.09x)	22.19M ops/s (1.09x)	22.92M ops/s (1.06x)
sample largeArray MEDIUM \| 1 pts	21.16M ops/s (1.1x)	23.34M ops/s fastest	21.43M ops/s (1.09x)	20.56M ops/s (1.14x)
sampleSize MEDIUM \| 1 pts	12.01M ops/s fastest	8.02M ops/s (1.5x)	7.28M ops/s (1.65x)	10.94M ops/s (1.1x)
sampleSize largeArray MEDIUM \| 1 pts	363.24K ops/s fastest	215.17K ops/s (1.69x)	166.19K ops/s (2.19x)	99.48K ops/s (3.65x)
shuffle MEDIUM \| 1 pts	11.03M ops/s (1.04x)	11.36M ops/s (1.01x)	11.44M ops/s fastest	8.96M ops/s (1.28x)
shuffle largeArray MEDIUM \| 1 pts	15.50K ops/s (1x)	15.54K ops/s fastest	15.48K ops/s (1x)	11.91K ops/s (1.31x)
take CRITICAL \| 5 pts	19.82M ops/s (1.4x)	19.72M ops/s (1.4x)	18.40M ops/s (1.5x)	27.67M ops/s fastest
take largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	15.54M ops/s (1.07x)	16.37M ops/s (1.01x)	16.58M ops/s fastest	8.06M ops/s (2.06x)
takeRight CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.27M ops/s (1.39x)	20.21M ops/s (1.39x)	20.06M ops/s (1.41x)	28.19M ops/s fastest
takeRight largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	16.79M ops/s fastest	16.69M ops/s (1.01x)	16.55M ops/s (1.01x)	7.63M ops/s (2.2x)
takeRightWhile CRITICAL \| 5 pts	18.65M ops/s (1.3x)	18.42M ops/s (1.31x)	10.01M ops/s (2.41x)	24.16M ops/s fastest
takeRightWhile largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.51M ops/s (1.12x)	20.88M ops/s (1.1x)	15.71M ops/s (1.46x)	22.88M ops/s fastest
takeWhile CRITICAL \| 5 pts	28.04M ops/s (1.05x)	29.45M ops/s fastest	15.89M ops/s (1.85x)	28.29M ops/s (1.04x)
takeWhile largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	4.44M ops/s (1.02x)	4.52M ops/s fastest	987.23K ops/s (4.58x)	1.92M ops/s (2.35x)
toArray HIGH \| 3 pts	14.49M ops/s fastest	N/A	3.31M ops/s (4.37x)	3.97M ops/s (3.65x)
union CRITICAL \| 5 pts	6.79M ops/s fastest	5.79M ops/s (1.17x)	4.89M ops/s (1.39x)	5.99M ops/s (1.13x)
union largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	1.58K ops/s (1.06x)	1.67K ops/s fastest	1.47K ops/s (1.14x)	1.39K ops/s (1.2x)
unionBy CRITICAL \| 5 pts	11.36M ops/s fastest	6.28M ops/s (1.81x)	5.15M ops/s (2.2x)	5.29M ops/s (2.15x)
unionBy largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	1.37K ops/s (1.01x)	1.28K ops/s (1.08x)	716 ops/s (1.93x)	1.38K ops/s fastest
unionWith CRITICAL \| 5 pts	16.41M ops/s fastest	7.76M ops/s (2.11x)	12.99M ops/s (1.26x)	5.69M ops/s (2.88x)
unionWith largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	94.88 ops/s (1.48x)	132 ops/s (1.06x)	130 ops/s (1.08x)	140 ops/s fastest
uniq CRITICAL \| 5 pts	18.06M ops/s fastest	9.77M ops/s (1.85x)	9.02M ops/s (2x)	17.04M ops/s (1.06x)
uniq largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	15.49K ops/s fastest	10.08K ops/s (1.54x)	10.11K ops/s (1.53x)	9.93K ops/s (1.56x)
uniqBy largeArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	9.07K ops/s (1.26x)	8.07K ops/s (1.41x)	2.09K ops/s (5.47x)	11.41K ops/s fastest
uniqBy smallArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	12.23M ops/s (1.29x)	12.40M ops/s (1.28x)	6.05M ops/s (2.62x)	15.83M ops/s fastest
uniqWith largeArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	3.11K ops/s (1.11x)	3.19K ops/s (1.08x)	3.20K ops/s (1.07x)	3.43K ops/s fastest
uniqWith smallArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	17.43M ops/s (1.06x)	18.53M ops/s fastest	10.67M ops/s (1.74x)	14.60M ops/s (1.27x)
unzip largeArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	15.49K ops/s fastest	13.11K ops/s (1.18x)	5.58K ops/s (2.78x)	2.06K ops/s (7.53x)
unzip smallArrays CRITICAL \| 5 pts	19.32M ops/s (1.15x)	22.13M ops/s fastest	15.17M ops/s (1.46x)	6.63M ops/s (3.34x)
xor CRITICAL \| 5 pts	3.24M ops/s (1.16x)	3.10M ops/s (1.21x)	N/A	3.75M ops/s fastest
xor largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	606 ops/s (1.58x)	585 ops/s (1.64x)	N/A	957 ops/s fastest
zip CRITICAL \| 5 pts	22.98M ops/s fastest	22.43M ops/s (1.02x)	12.41M ops/s (1.85x)	5.60M ops/s (4.1x)
zip largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	20.43K ops/s fastest	19.72K ops/s (1.04x)	19.72K ops/s (1.04x)	14.24K ops/s (1.44x)
zipWith CRITICAL \| 5 pts	7.59M ops/s fastest	4.48M ops/s (1.7x)	7.32M ops/s (1.04x)	3.75M ops/s (2.02x)
zipWith largeArray CRITICAL \| 5 pts	4.45K ops/s (1.32x)	2.39K ops/s (2.46x)	5.47K ops/s (1.07x)	5.87K ops/s fastest
Function
after LOW \| 0.5 pts	21.43M ops/s (1.04x)	22.25M ops/s fastest	16.87M ops/s (1.32x)	18.61M ops/s (1.2x)
before LOW \| 0.5 pts	19.51M ops/s (1.15x)	22.53M ops/s fastest	11.65M ops/s (1.93x)	13.22M ops/s (1.7x)
curry LOW \| 0.5 pts	7.24M ops/s (1.26x)	9.12M ops/s fastest	8.31M ops/s (1.1x)	834.81K ops/s (10.92x)
debounce LOW \| 0.5 pts	1.53M ops/s fastest	743.43K ops/s (2.05x)	847.57K ops/s (1.8x)	540.66K ops/s (2.82x)
flip LOW \| 0.5 pts	29.37M ops/s fastest	N/A	19.11M ops/s (1.54x)	2.76M ops/s (10.64x)
flowRight LOW \| 0.5 pts	15.29M ops/s fastest	13.39M ops/s (1.14x)	10.13M ops/s (1.51x)	5.45M ops/s (2.81x)
memoize LOW \| 0.5 pts	5.21M ops/s (1.02x)	5.06M ops/s (1.05x)	5.32M ops/s fastest	3.97M ops/s (1.34x)
negate LOW \| 0.5 pts	29.10M ops/s fastest	28.70M ops/s (1.01x)	24.85M ops/s (1.17x)	24.80M ops/s (1.17x)
noop LOW \| 0.5 pts	29.54M ops/s (1.02x)	30.19M ops/s fastest	N/A	28.80M ops/s (1.05x)
once LOW \| 0.5 pts	30.30M ops/s fastest	29.43M ops/s (1.03x)	24.29M ops/s (1.25x)	23.18M ops/s (1.31x)
throttle LOW \| 0.5 pts	1.58M ops/s fastest	501.07K ops/s (3.16x)	820.19K ops/s (1.93x)	913.72K ops/s (1.73x)
Is
isArray MEDIUM \| 1 pts	26.03M ops/s (1.08x)	N/A	27.93M ops/s (1.01x)	28.11M ops/s fastest
isArrayBuffer MEDIUM \| 1 pts	6.53M ops/s fastest	6.07M ops/s (1.08x)	6.44M ops/s (1.01x)	128.57K ops/s (50.76x)
isBoolean MEDIUM \| 1 pts	32.54M ops/s (1.02x)	33.07M ops/s fastest	31.22M ops/s (1.06x)	20.93M ops/s (1.58x)
isDate MEDIUM \| 1 pts	12.47M ops/s (1.02x)	12.68M ops/s fastest	11.98M ops/s (1.06x)	6.84M ops/s (1.85x)
isEqual arrays HIGH \| 3 pts	5.27M ops/s fastest	2.68M ops/s (1.97x)	2.34M ops/s (2.25x)	3.91M ops/s (1.35x)
isEqual dates HIGH \| 3 pts	1.66M ops/s fastest	1.50M ops/s (1.11x)	1.49M ops/s (1.12x)	1.10M ops/s (1.52x)
isEqual objects HIGH \| 3 pts	2.00M ops/s fastest	683.45K ops/s (2.93x)	676.28K ops/s (2.96x)	636.93K ops/s (3.15x)
isEqual primitives HIGH \| 3 pts	24.83M ops/s (1.01x)	12.69M ops/s (1.98x)	12.71M ops/s (1.98x)	25.16M ops/s fastest
isEqual RegExps HIGH \| 3 pts	5.75M ops/s (1.16x)	6.37M ops/s (1.05x)	6.66M ops/s fastest	1.09M ops/s (6.12x)
isError MEDIUM \| 1 pts	463.86K ops/s (1.03x)	477.14K ops/s fastest	468.70K ops/s (1.02x)	415.80K ops/s (1.15x)
isFunction MEDIUM \| 1 pts	3.86K ops/s (1x)	3.87K ops/s fastest	3.87K ops/s (1x)	3.73K ops/s (1.04x)
isMap MEDIUM \| 1 pts	12.45M ops/s fastest	12.31M ops/s (1.01x)	11.51M ops/s (1.08x)	85.68K ops/s (145.3x)
isNil MEDIUM \| 1 pts	28.28M ops/s (1.01x)	28.49M ops/s fastest	28.39M ops/s (1x)	28.37M ops/s (1x)
isNull MEDIUM \| 1 pts	26.47M ops/s (1.04x)	25.87M ops/s (1.06x)	27.45M ops/s fastest	27.12M ops/s (1.01x)
isNumber MEDIUM \| 1 pts	29.79M ops/s fastest	N/A	28.69M ops/s (1.04x)	12.20M ops/s (2.44x)
isObject MEDIUM \| 1 pts	438.14K ops/s (1.02x)	N/A	442.57K ops/s (1.01x)	445.24K ops/s fastest
isPlainObject MEDIUM \| 1 pts	18.64M ops/s fastest	13.10M ops/s (1.42x)	7.03M ops/s (2.65x)	3.60M ops/s (5.18x)
isRegExp MEDIUM \| 1 pts	10.58M ops/s (1.05x)	11.16M ops/s fastest	10.75M ops/s (1.04x)	6.73M ops/s (1.66x)
isSet MEDIUM \| 1 pts	16.58M ops/s fastest	16.54M ops/s (1x)	16.02M ops/s (1.04x)	137.38K ops/s (120.69x)
isString MEDIUM \| 1 pts	21.77M ops/s (1.01x)	22.07M ops/s fastest	20.90M ops/s (1.06x)	13.98M ops/s (1.58x)
isSymbol MEDIUM \| 1 pts	16.05M ops/s fastest	15.74M ops/s (1.02x)	15.46M ops/s (1.04x)	12.16M ops/s (1.32x)
isUndefined MEDIUM \| 1 pts	30.12M ops/s (1.01x)	28.89M ops/s (1.05x)	30.35M ops/s fastest	29.29M ops/s (1.04x)
Number
clamp HIGH \| 3 pts	26.32M ops/s fastest	25.79M ops/s (1.02x)	26.10M ops/s (1.01x)	25.36M ops/s (1.04x)
inRange HIGH \| 3 pts	25.76M ops/s (1.07x)	26.92M ops/s (1.02x)	24.19M ops/s (1.14x)	27.54M ops/s fastest
random MEDIUM \| 1 pts	25.19M ops/s fastest	24.02M ops/s (1.05x)	20.52M ops/s (1.23x)	21.86M ops/s (1.15x)
toNumber HIGH \| 3 pts	11.51M ops/s fastest	N/A	11.36M ops/s (1.01x)	1.68M ops/s (6.87x)
Object
defaults HIGH \| 3 pts	8.32M ops/s fastest	N/A	7.60M ops/s (1.1x)	4.43M ops/s (1.88x)
defaultsDeep HIGH \| 3 pts	4.72M ops/s (1.17x)	N/A	5.55M ops/s fastest	2.42M ops/s (2.3x)
findKey HIGH \| 3 pts	23.44M ops/s fastest	22.39M ops/s (1.05x)	19.59M ops/s (1.2x)	17.17M ops/s (1.36x)
findKey largeObject HIGH \| 3 pts	1.34K ops/s (1.05x)	1.41K ops/s fastest	1.39K ops/s (1.01x)	1.40K ops/s (1x)
get arrayPath HIGH \| 3 pts	20.32M ops/s fastest	N/A	18.42M ops/s (1.1x)	19.52M ops/s (1.04x)
get nested HIGH \| 3 pts	11.49M ops/s fastest	N/A	10.78M ops/s (1.07x)	10.09M ops/s (1.14x)
get simple HIGH \| 3 pts	27.23M ops/s fastest	N/A	26.50M ops/s (1.03x)	18.92M ops/s (1.44x)
has HIGH \| 3 pts	25.05M ops/s fastest	N/A	15.52M ops/s (1.61x)	16.79M ops/s (1.49x)
has nested HIGH \| 3 pts	25.82M ops/s fastest	N/A	9.13M ops/s (2.83x)	7.57M ops/s (3.41x)
invert HIGH \| 3 pts	7.72M ops/s (1.02x)	N/A	7.84M ops/s fastest	7.19M ops/s (1.09x)
mapKeys CRITICAL \| 5 pts	5.23M ops/s fastest	5.15M ops/s (1.02x)	4.87M ops/s (1.08x)	5.17M ops/s (1.01x)
mapValues CRITICAL \| 5 pts	10.38M ops/s fastest	8.17M ops/s (1.27x)	6.37M ops/s (1.63x)	8.33M ops/s (1.25x)
mergeWith HIGH \| 3 pts	4.26M ops/s (1.02x)	4.36M ops/s fastest	1.12M ops/s (3.9x)	3.11M ops/s (1.4x)
omit HIGH \| 3 pts	5.82M ops/s (1.01x)	5.89M ops/s fastest	2.15M ops/s (2.74x)	2.02M ops/s (2.91x)
omit complex HIGH \| 3 pts	5.40M ops/s fastest	5.32M ops/s (1.01x)	628.61K ops/s (8.6x)	366.71K ops/s (14.73x)
omitBy HIGH \| 3 pts	12.86M ops/s fastest	9.54M ops/s (1.35x)	3.84M ops/s (3.35x)	2.47M ops/s (5.2x)
pick HIGH \| 3 pts	12.76M ops/s fastest	11.76M ops/s (1.08x)	10.94M ops/s (1.17x)	3.22M ops/s (3.97x)
pickBy HIGH \| 3 pts	12.95M ops/s fastest	12.50M ops/s (1.04x)	4.24M ops/s (3.05x)	3.24M ops/s (3.99x)
set array HIGH \| 3 pts	768.16K ops/s (1.14x)	N/A	872.07K ops/s (1.01x)	878.34K ops/s fastest
set dot HIGH \| 3 pts	625.63K ops/s fastest	N/A	449.87K ops/s (1.39x)	534.21K ops/s (1.17x)
String
camelCase MEDIUM \| 1 pts	10.64M ops/s fastest	5.33M ops/s (2x)	2.55M ops/s (4.18x)	3.44M ops/s (3.09x)
capitalize MEDIUM \| 1 pts	13.46M ops/s (1.05x)	13.83M ops/s (1.03x)	14.18M ops/s fastest	11.58M ops/s (1.22x)
deburr MEDIUM \| 1 pts	3.88M ops/s (1.26x)	4.10M ops/s (1.19x)	4.14M ops/s (1.18x)	4.88M ops/s fastest
escape HIGH \| 3 pts	6.57M ops/s (1.01x)	6.53M ops/s (1.01x)	6.62M ops/s fastest	5.91M ops/s (1.12x)
escape longString HIGH \| 3 pts	234.84K ops/s (1.02x)	238.45K ops/s (1x)	238.65K ops/s fastest	233.73K ops/s (1.02x)
escapeRegExp MEDIUM \| 1 pts	1.72M ops/s (1.05x)	1.80M ops/s fastest	1.68M ops/s (1.07x)	1.64M ops/s (1.1x)
kebabCase MEDIUM \| 1 pts	1.09M ops/s fastest	1.03M ops/s (1.06x)	343.82K ops/s (3.18x)	704.03K ops/s (1.56x)
lowerFirst MEDIUM \| 1 pts	20.78M ops/s fastest	19.36M ops/s (1.07x)	19.30M ops/s (1.08x)	17.38M ops/s (1.2x)
snakeCase MEDIUM \| 1 pts	1.10M ops/s fastest	1.05M ops/s (1.05x)	352.57K ops/s (3.13x)	692.38K ops/s (1.59x)
template interpolate MEDIUM \| 1 pts	3.19M ops/s fastest	N/A	545.08K ops/s (5.85x)	424.79K ops/s (7.5x)
template nested MEDIUM \| 1 pts	1.52M ops/s fastest	N/A	475.02K ops/s (3.19x)	390.22K ops/s (3.89x)
truncate long ascii MEDIUM \| 1 pts	20.32M ops/s fastest	N/A	12.82M ops/s (1.59x)	11.65M ops/s (1.74x)
truncate long unicode MEDIUM \| 1 pts	11.37M ops/s fastest	N/A	88.99K ops/s (127.79x)	48.38K ops/s (235.07x)
truncate noop long ascii MEDIUM \| 1 pts	25.68M ops/s fastest	N/A	14.66M ops/s (1.75x)	16.69M ops/s (1.54x)
truncate noop long unicode MEDIUM \| 1 pts	26.15M ops/s fastest	N/A	96.14K ops/s (271.95x)	53.27K ops/s (490.84x)
truncate noop short ascii MEDIUM \| 1 pts	24.81M ops/s fastest	N/A	14.58M ops/s (1.7x)	15.57M ops/s (1.59x)
truncate noop short unicode MEDIUM \| 1 pts	26.80M ops/s fastest	N/A	7.03M ops/s (3.81x)	3.78M ops/s (7.08x)
truncate short ascii MEDIUM \| 1 pts	23.93M ops/s fastest	N/A	14.27M ops/s (1.68x)	18.52M ops/s (1.29x)
truncate short unicode MEDIUM \| 1 pts	23.56M ops/s fastest	N/A	6.59M ops/s (3.58x)	3.44M ops/s (6.84x)
unescape HIGH \| 3 pts	5.26M ops/s fastest	4.30M ops/s (1.22x)	4.49M ops/s (1.17x)	4.98M ops/s (1.06x)
unescape long HIGH \| 3 pts	26.39K ops/s fastest	18.51K ops/s (1.43x)	18.38K ops/s (1.44x)	26.36K ops/s (1x)
words MEDIUM \| 1 pts	3.76M ops/s fastest	395.31K ops/s (9.51x)	315.69K ops/s (11.9x)	2.19M ops/s (1.71x)
Util
defaultTo HIGH \| 3 pts	30.44M ops/s (1.01x)	N/A	30.19M ops/s (1.02x)	30.76M ops/s fastest
range HIGH \| 3 pts	10.07M ops/s (1.03x)	10.41M ops/s fastest	9.49M ops/s (1.1x)	5.53M ops/s (1.88x)
times HIGH \| 3 pts	928.79K ops/s (1.11x)	N/A	1.03M ops/s fastest	859.05K ops/s (1.2x)
uniqueId MEDIUM \| 1 pts	11.80M ops/s fastest	N/A	11.59M ops/s (1.02x)	8.56M ops/s (1.38x)
lowerCase emoji	2.22M ops/s fastest	864.71K ops/s (2.57x)	535.04K ops/s (4.15x)	1.77M ops/s (1.25x)
lowerCase longString	10.72K ops/s fastest	8.67K ops/s (1.24x)	2.07K ops/s (5.19x)	9.59K ops/s (1.12x)
lowerCase shortString	12.40M ops/s fastest	6.34M ops/s (1.96x)	2.82M ops/s (4.4x)	4.37M ops/s (2.84x)
upperCase emoji	1.82M ops/s fastest	873.17K ops/s (2.09x)	537.98K ops/s (3.39x)	1.59M ops/s (1.15x)
upperCase longString	7.02K ops/s (1.06x)	7.46K ops/s fastest	2.24K ops/s (3.33x)	6.63K ops/s (1.13x)
upperCase shortString	8.00M ops/s fastest	6.13M ops/s (1.31x)	2.79M ops/s (2.87x)	3.61M ops/s (2.21x)

Data generated on Feb 20, 2026 • Vitest bench

📊 Performance Summary

arkhe

89 wins(53%)

es-toolkit

37 wins(22%)

lodash-es

26 wins(16%)

es-toolkit/compat

15 wins(9%)

📈 Weighted Performance Summary

Scores weighted by real-world importance: CRITICAL (5 pts) > HIGH (3 pts) > MEDIUM (1 pt) > LOW (0.5 pts).

🏆 arkhe leads with 249.0 pts (48% of max)

arkhe

48%(249.0 pts)

es-toolkit

22%(114.0 pts)

lodash-es

21%(110.0 pts)

es-toolkit/compat

8%(42.5 pts)

Wins by Category

arkhe32 Critical20 High26 Medium6 Low

es-toolkit18 Critical4 High10 Medium4 Low

lodash-es19 Critical4 High3 Medium0 Low

es-toolkit/compat4 Critical6 High4 Medium1 Low

Why Arkhe Is Slower Sometimes

Arkhe occasionally loses a benchmark, not because of poor optimization, but because it does more work than the competitor.

Correctness over raw speed. Some functions do extra work to return correct results:

Function	What Arkhe does extra	Why it matters
`intersectionWith`	Deduplicates the result	A set intersection should not contain duplicates. es-toolkit returns them as-is.

Fail-fast validation. Arkhe validates inputs early and throws on invalid arguments. This adds a few bytes and nanoseconds, but catches bugs at the call site instead of producing silent wrong results downstream. When you see a on bundle or perf, this trade-off may be the reason.

When comparing numbers, always check whether the competing function actually does the same work. A faster function that returns wrong results is not faster - it's incomplete.

tip

If a function appears slower on small inputs but equal or faster on large inputs, the overhead is likely input validation or deduplication: work that pays off at scale and prevents bugs.

Balanced Overview

Bundle size and performance tell different stories. This section crosses both to show where Arkhe wins on each axis.

Compared against es-toolkit, es-toolkit/compat and lodash-es (the same libraries as above). Bundle = smallest or within 10%. Perf = fastest in at least one scenario.

93% of utilities win on at least one axis. 45 win on both bundle + perf, 33 bundle only, 18 perf only.

📊 Bundle + Performance

✅ Bundle + Perf

45/103 (44%)

📦 Bundle only

33/103 (32%)

⚡ Perf only

18/103 (17%)

⬜ Neither

7/103 (7%)

Legend:

✅ Bundle + Perf: Arkhe wins (or is comparable) on both axes
📦 Bundle only: Smaller bundle, but not the fastest
⚡ Perf only: Fastest, but not the smallest bundle
⬜ Neither: Another library wins on both

The "Perf matters?" column tells you if the performance difference actually impacts your app. A debounce marked ⬜ is not a concern: you call it once. A groupBy marked with weight CRITICAL is where Arkhe delivers real value.

Full function-by-function breakdown

Function	Perf matters?	Bundle	Perf	Verdict
chunk	CRITICAL	✅ -4%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
countBy	CRITICAL	✅ 0%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
difference	CRITICAL	❌ +113%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
differenceBy	CRITICAL	❌ +47%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
differenceWith	CRITICAL	✅ -1%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
drop	CRITICAL	❌ +34%	❌ 0/2	⬜ Neither
dropRight	CRITICAL	❌ +30%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
dropRightWhile	CRITICAL	❌ +13%	✅ 2/2	⚡ Perf only
dropWhile	CRITICAL	✅ -5%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
fill	CRITICAL	❌ +28%	✅ 2/2	⚡ Perf only
findLast	CRITICAL	✅ -98%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
findLastIndex	CRITICAL	✅ -98%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
groupBy	CRITICAL	✅ -14%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
intersection	CRITICAL	❌ +128%	❌ 0/2	⬜ Neither
intersectionBy	CRITICAL	❌ +96%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
intersectionWith	CRITICAL	❌ +224%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
keyBy	CRITICAL	✅ -9%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
mapKeys	CRITICAL	✅ -1%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
mapValues	CRITICAL	✅ 0%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
maxBy	CRITICAL	✅ -3%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
minBy	CRITICAL	✅ -3%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
orderBy	CRITICAL	✅ -4%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
partition	CRITICAL	✅ 0%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
reverse	CRITICAL	✅ -7%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
take	CRITICAL	✅ -43%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
takeRight	CRITICAL	✅ -47%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
takeRightWhile	CRITICAL	✅ 0%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
takeWhile	CRITICAL	✅ -8%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
union	CRITICAL	❌ +42%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
unionBy	CRITICAL	✅ -11%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
unionWith	CRITICAL	✅ -13%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
uniq	CRITICAL	❌ +176%	✅ 2/2	⚡ Perf only
uniqBy	CRITICAL	✅ -14%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
uniqWith	CRITICAL	✅ -8%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
unzip	CRITICAL	❌ +42%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
xor	CRITICAL	❌ +21%	❌ 0/2	⬜ Neither
zip	CRITICAL	❌ +11%	✅ 2/2	⚡ Perf only
zipWith	CRITICAL	✅ -9%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
clamp	HIGH	❌ +33%	✅ 1/1	⚡ Perf only
defaults	HIGH	✅ -95%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
defaultsDeep	HIGH	✅ -42%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
defaultTo	HIGH	❌ +15%	❌ 0/1	⬜ Neither
escape	HIGH	✅ +8%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
findKey	HIGH	❌ +28%	✅ 1/2	⚡ Perf only
get	HIGH	✅ -78%	✅ 3/3	✅ Bundle + Perf
has	HIGH	✅ -97%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
inRange	HIGH	✅ -32%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
invert	HIGH	✅ -4%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isEqual	HIGH	✅ -61%	✅ 3/5	✅ Bundle + Perf
mergeWith	HIGH	✅ -30%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
omit	HIGH	✅ -16%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
omitBy	HIGH	✅ -1%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
pick	HIGH	✅ -2%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
pickBy	HIGH	✅ +1%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
range	HIGH	✅ -7%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
set	HIGH	✅ -67%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
times	HIGH	✅ -32%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
toArray	HIGH	✅ -80%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
toNumber	HIGH	✅ -86%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
unescape	HIGH	✅ +3%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
camelCase	MEDIUM	❌ +12%	✅ 1/1	⚡ Perf only
capitalize	MEDIUM	❌ +13%	❌ 0/1	⬜ Neither
deburr	MEDIUM	✅ +4%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isArray	MEDIUM	✅ -82%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isArrayBuffer	MEDIUM	✅ -21%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isBoolean	MEDIUM	✅ -15%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isDate	MEDIUM	✅ -14%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isError	MEDIUM	✅ -14%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isFunction	MEDIUM	✅ -8%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isMap	MEDIUM	✅ -24%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isNil	MEDIUM	✅ -17%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isNull	MEDIUM	✅ -16%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isNumber	MEDIUM	✅ -27%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isObject	MEDIUM	✅ -75%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isPlainObject	MEDIUM	✅ -22%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isSet	MEDIUM	✅ -24%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isString	MEDIUM	✅ -15%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
isSymbol	MEDIUM	✅ -15%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
isUndefined	MEDIUM	✅ -15%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
kebabCase	MEDIUM	✅ -6%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
lowerFirst	MEDIUM	❌ +11%	✅ 1/1	⚡ Perf only
random	MEDIUM	✅ -26%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
sample	MEDIUM	✅ +3%	✅ 1/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
sampleSize	MEDIUM	✅ -29%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
shuffle	MEDIUM	✅ +1%	❌ 0/2	📦 Bundle only
snakeCase	MEDIUM	✅ -6%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
template	MEDIUM	✅ -85%	✅ 2/2	✅ Bundle + Perf
truncate	MEDIUM	✅ -88%	✅ 8/8	✅ Bundle + Perf
uniqueId	MEDIUM	✅ -14%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
words	MEDIUM	❌ +35%	✅ 1/1	⚡ Perf only
after	LOW	✅ +6%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
before	LOW	✅ +8%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
curry	LOW	❌ +52%	❌ 0/1	⬜ Neither
debounce	LOW	✅ -18%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
flip	LOW	✅ -18%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
flowRight	LOW	✅ -22%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
memoize	LOW	❌ +48%	❌ 0/1	⬜ Neither
negate	LOW	✅ -3%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
noop	LOW	✅ -2%	❌ 0/1	📦 Bundle only
once	LOW	✅ -4%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
throttle	LOW	✅ -34%	✅ 1/1	✅ Bundle + Perf
lowerCase	-	❌ +196%	✅ 3/3	⚡ Perf only
upperCase	-	❌ +149%	✅ 2/3	⚡ Perf only

Key Takeaways

Arkhe is consistently fast. No wild variations: you get predictable performance across all utilities.

es-toolkit/compat pays a price. Their lodash compatibility layer often performs worse than lodash-es itself (see omit, intersectionWith). When you prioritize API compatibility, you inherit the constraints.

Arkhe makes its own choices. We don't mimic Lodash's API. This freedom lets us optimize for modern JavaScript without legacy constraints.

Why Arkhe is Fast (on small/medium data)

ES2020+ target: No transpilation overhead, modern JavaScript features
No legacy checks: We don't test for IE edge cases
Simpler internals: Less abstraction, more direct code
TypeScript-first: Types are compile-time, zero runtime cost

When Lodash Wins (on large arrays)

Lodash sometimes uses different algorithms optimized for large datasets:

Hash-based lookups for intersection, difference on 10K+ items
Lazy evaluation in some chained operations
Years of production optimizations refined through real-world usage

For most real-world code, arrays are small (< 100 items) and Arkhe's simpler approach wins. On large arrays, results vary by function: Arkhe is competitive or faster in many cases.

Detailed Statistics

For the skeptics who want to see the raw numbers:

Array78

chunk

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	20.49M	0.0310	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	10,245,611
arkhe	14.32M	0.0320	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	7,159,973
es-toolkit	14.31M	0.1308	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.11%	7,153,409
es-toolkit/compat	14.20M	0.0309	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	7,097,783

chunk largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	292.63K	0.0027	0.1236	0.0034	0.0035	0.0043	±0.33%	146,314
arkhe	292.39K	0.0027	0.1305	0.0034	0.0035	0.0045	±0.36%	146,194
es-toolkit	289.24K	0.0027	0.1809	0.0035	0.0036	0.0048	±0.36%	144,619
lodash-es	97.64K	0.0098	0.2450	0.0102	0.0102	0.0142	±0.23%	48,823

countBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	5.84M	0.0000	0.1119	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.14%	2,919,604
arkhe	5.12M	0.0001	0.3841	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.23%	2,562,239
lodash-es	4.77M	0.0001	0.1477	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.14%	2,386,911

countBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	6.36K	0.1483	4.1280	0.1572	0.1549	0.1936	±1.58%	3,180
arkhe	6.29K	0.1509	0.3084	0.1590	0.1569	0.2651	±0.32%	3,145
lodash-es	3.69K	0.2533	0.4523	0.2713	0.2714	0.3106	±0.19%	1,844

difference

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	21.76M	0.1475	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.24%	10,881,864
es-toolkit	13.27M	0.1216	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.21%	6,634,374
es-toolkit/compat	10.23M	0.1527	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.26%	5,113,978
lodash-es	6.03M	0.0285	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.07%	3,013,933

difference largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	9.05K	0.1039	0.3530	0.1105	0.1097	0.1315	±0.22%	4,527
arkhe	4.99K	0.1905	0.4153	0.2004	0.2020	0.2267	±0.23%	2,495
es-toolkit/compat	4.72K	0.1950	0.4107	0.2117	0.2130	0.2376	±0.23%	2,362
es-toolkit	3.66K	0.2556	0.5100	0.2729	0.2762	0.3069	±0.24%	1,832

differenceBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	9.07M	0.0000	2.7703	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.41%	4,534,222
arkhe	7.62M	0.0000	0.1219	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.19%	3,809,801
es-toolkit/compat	6.93M	0.0000	0.1565	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.24%	3,462,871
lodash-es	5.70M	0.0001	0.2284	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.25%	2,847,996

differenceBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.66K	0.0735	0.3113	0.0790	0.0796	0.1000	±0.32%	6,332
lodash-es	8.61K	0.1084	0.3073	0.1162	0.1177	0.1402	±0.29%	4,305
es-toolkit/compat	2.88K	0.3292	0.6973	0.3470	0.3525	0.4152	±0.33%	1,442
es-toolkit	2.85K	0.3245	7.3889	0.3510	0.3530	0.3963	±2.77%	1,425

differenceWith

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	20.84M	2.4945	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.01%	10,422,097
arkhe	20.69M	0.1505	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.10%	10,346,862
es-toolkit/compat	8.73M	0.1753	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.26%	4,362,526
lodash-es	6.19M	0.0272	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.08%	3,092,854

differenceWith largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	19.30	51.5020	52.2243	51.8065	51.8732	52.2243	±0.27%	10
es-toolkit/compat	18.75	52.8583	53.9448	53.3465	53.4730	53.9448	±0.40%	10
es-toolkit	18.39	53.7263	55.3978	54.3767	54.7135	55.3978	±0.65%	10
arkhe	17.99	54.8231	56.4408	55.5846	55.8425	56.4408	±0.56%	10

drop

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	25.37M	0.0286	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	12,685,342
arkhe	21.55M	5.0866	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±2.15%	10,777,125
es-toolkit/compat	18.78M	0.2414	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.12%	9,388,935
es-toolkit	18.69M	0.1300	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.11%	9,347,193

drop largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	1.75M	0.0004	0.1585	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.27%	873,769
arkhe	1.72M	0.0004	0.0843	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.27%	858,420
es-toolkit	1.72M	0.0004	0.0839	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.26%	858,034
lodash-es	176.89K	0.0052	0.2424	0.0057	0.0057	0.0075	±0.18%	88,444

dropRight

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	27.62M	0.0312	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	13,811,942
es-toolkit	19.88M	0.0873	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.09%	9,941,617
es-toolkit/compat	18.24M	5.1911	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±2.04%	9,120,743
arkhe	17.85M	10.6173	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±4.23%	8,926,009

dropRight largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.72M	0.0004	0.0623	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.26%	858,702
es-toolkit	1.72M	0.0004	0.0979	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.25%	858,686
es-toolkit/compat	1.71M	0.0004	0.0562	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.25%	853,785
lodash-es	194.64K	0.0048	0.0833	0.0051	0.0051	0.0065	±0.14%	97,320

dropRightWhile

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	18.70M	0.0348	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	9,348,309
es-toolkit	18.49M	0.1012	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	9,245,009
es-toolkit/compat	14.74M	0.2132	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.24%	7,371,019
lodash-es	14.12M	0.0319	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	7,059,937

dropRightWhile largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	808.08K	0.0008	0.0673	0.0012	0.0012	0.0014	±0.29%	404,039
es-toolkit	798.95K	0.0008	0.0821	0.0013	0.0013	0.0014	±0.28%	399,478
es-toolkit/compat	251.66K	0.0025	0.0870	0.0040	0.0040	0.0045	±0.24%	125,833
lodash-es	59.50K	0.0153	0.1669	0.0168	0.0172	0.0230	±0.32%	29,751

dropWhile

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.44M	0.0324	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.04%	10,221,232
es-toolkit	19.73M	0.2095	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.19%	9,863,147
lodash-es	14.68M	0.2654	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.41%	7,340,017
es-toolkit/compat	14.15M	0.2229	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.39%	7,076,347

dropWhile largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	340.90K	0.0026	0.0564	0.0029	0.0029	0.0033	±0.13%	170,452
lodash-es	30.90K	0.0294	0.2329	0.0324	0.0325	0.0363	±0.22%	15,450
es-toolkit	26.03K	0.0365	0.1813	0.0384	0.0386	0.0445	±0.12%	13,014
es-toolkit/compat	15.13K	0.0625	0.1642	0.0661	0.0663	0.0730	±0.07%	7,564

fill

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	27.06M	1.5075	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.66%	13,527,819
es-toolkit/compat	19.99M	1.1430	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.70%	9,992,502
lodash-es	19.00M	9.3801	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±3.77%	9,498,523
es-toolkit	18.66M	0.4829	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.23%	9,328,219

fill customRange

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	26.79M	2.1211	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.90%	13,397,460
es-toolkit	20.65M	1.5007	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.96%	10,326,297
es-toolkit/compat	20.39M	2.1288	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.91%	10,195,879
lodash-es	17.95M	1.8273	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.75%	8,975,136

findLast

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	27.53M	0.0462	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.09%	13,766,298
lodash-es	13.94M	0.0525	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	6,968,928
es-toolkit/compat	13.53M	1.8676	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.96%	6,763,878

findLast largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	53.91K	0.0180	0.0475	0.0185	0.0187	0.0236	±0.08%	26,956
lodash-es	31.74K	0.0294	0.0536	0.0315	0.0315	0.0385	±0.08%	15,868
es-toolkit/compat	27.29K	0.0350	4.1038	0.0366	0.0360	0.0465	±1.60%	13,645

findLastIndex

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	30.56M	0.0344	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	15,278,873
lodash-es	29.53M	0.1430	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.10%	14,767,058
es-toolkit/compat	16.37M	2.3856	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.95%	8,183,851

findLastIndex largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	54.67K	0.0177	0.0467	0.0183	0.0183	0.0234	±0.07%	27,335
lodash-es	32.08K	0.0285	0.0590	0.0312	0.0314	0.0371	±0.08%	16,040
es-toolkit/compat	28.01K	0.0340	0.2582	0.0357	0.0353	0.0453	±0.19%	14,004

groupBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	8.97M	0.0000	0.1650	0.0001	0.0001	0.0003	±0.29%	4,487,281
lodash-es	7.58M	0.0000	0.2158	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.29%	3,790,333
es-toolkit	6.90M	0.0000	0.2070	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.24%	3,448,600
es-toolkit/compat	5.45M	0.0001	0.1221	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.19%	2,723,863

groupBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.07K	0.0782	0.2641	0.0828	0.0820	0.1010	±0.21%	6,036
es-toolkit	7.70K	0.1217	0.2879	0.1299	0.1315	0.1514	±0.20%	3,850
es-toolkit/compat	6.42K	0.1471	0.3233	0.1557	0.1558	0.1821	±0.21%	3,211
lodash-es	5.67K	0.1627	0.3473	0.1763	0.1805	0.2018	±0.22%	2,836

intersection

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	12.05M	0.0000	0.2138	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.27%	6,025,772
arkhe	8.39M	0.0000	0.0320	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.08%	4,197,000
es-toolkit/compat	7.12M	0.0000	0.1689	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.23%	3,560,186
lodash-es	5.61M	0.0001	0.1804	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.22%	2,803,623

intersection largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	4.05K	0.2354	0.5294	0.2472	0.2474	0.2742	±0.19%	2,023
arkhe	2.42K	0.3938	0.6706	0.4126	0.4160	0.4585	±0.21%	1,212
es-toolkit/compat	2.24K	0.4250	0.6684	0.4471	0.4507	0.5055	±0.23%	1,119
es-toolkit	2.16K	0.4381	0.7084	0.4633	0.4660	0.5354	±0.23%	1,080

intersectionBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	10.79M	0.0000	0.1631	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.19%	5,393,506
es-toolkit	8.91M	0.0000	0.1890	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.21%	4,454,710
es-toolkit/compat	4.64M	0.0001	0.1547	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.18%	2,318,099
lodash-es	1.97M	0.0004	0.1512	0.0005	0.0005	0.0007	±0.22%	985,040

intersectionBy largeArrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	1.48K	0.6365	3.1288	0.6736	0.6629	0.7657	±1.91%	743
arkhe	1.46K	0.6498	3.1317	0.6872	0.6795	0.7322	±1.70%	728
lodash-es	1.19K	0.8133	2.2339	0.8385	0.8348	1.4020	±0.81%	597
es-toolkit/compat	896	1.0441	3.5515	1.1157	1.0959	2.7594	±1.97%	449

intersectionWith

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.15M	0.0000	0.2264	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.46%	10,073,058
es-toolkit	19.31M	0.0000	0.2188	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.31%	9,655,329
lodash-es	5.03M	0.0001	0.2184	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.33%	2,514,505
es-toolkit/compat	4.61M	0.0001	0.1845	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.32%	2,307,091

intersectionWith largeArrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	3.16	314.5700	318.1800	316.1700	316.3000	318.1800	±0.21%	10
es-toolkit	3.16	315.7800	318.2100	316.8800	317.1600	318.2100	±0.16%	10
arkhe	3.15	316.6000	318.6800	317.5200	317.9000	318.6800	±0.14%	10
lodash-es	2.73	365.2400	369.2200	366.2000	366.3600	369.2200	±0.22%	10

keyBy

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.15M	0.2180	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.33%	6,076,261
es-toolkit	11.87M	2.5834	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.04%	5,937,267
lodash-es	10.57M	0.1840	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.19%	5,285,229
es-toolkit/compat	9.38M	0.1786	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.21%	4,687,978

keyBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	2.24K	0.4053	2.4639	0.4467	0.4405	0.5341	±1.98%	1,120
arkhe	2.23K	0.4040	2.8719	0.4481	0.4430	0.5252	±2.15%	1,116
es-toolkit/compat	2.07K	0.4464	2.3817	0.4830	0.4743	0.5372	±1.92%	1,036
lodash-es	2.04K	0.4392	2.3790	0.4903	0.4815	0.6137	±1.99%	1,020

maxBy

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	28.32M	0.1264	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.23%	14,158,963
arkhe	27.62M	0.2555	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.36%	13,811,169
lodash-es	24.38M	0.2810	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.36%	12,190,758
es-toolkit/compat	14.90M	0.2220	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.38%	7,450,343

maxBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	112.77K	0.0079	0.0367	0.0089	0.0081	0.0124	±0.16%	56,387
es-toolkit	112.41K	0.0079	0.0346	0.0089	0.0081	0.0127	±0.16%	56,206
es-toolkit/compat	21.86K	0.0433	0.3655	0.0457	0.0450	0.0577	±0.26%	10,932
lodash-es	21.12K	0.0455	0.0830	0.0473	0.0471	0.0545	±0.07%	10,561

minBy

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	26.04M	0.1950	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.20%	13,022,126
arkhe	25.77M	0.2621	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.32%	12,885,715
lodash-es	23.70M	7.3757	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±2.90%	11,847,682
es-toolkit/compat	13.06M	2.0773	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.86%	6,528,472

minBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	108.56K	0.0086	0.0260	0.0092	0.0090	0.0115	±0.09%	54,279
arkhe	106.61K	0.0089	0.0357	0.0094	0.0091	0.0117	±0.08%	53,307
es-toolkit/compat	22.33K	0.0420	0.4121	0.0448	0.0444	0.0533	±0.48%	11,168
lodash-es	21.07K	0.0458	0.0850	0.0475	0.0473	0.0545	±0.05%	10,534

orderBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	4.14M	0.0001	1.6489	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.66%	2,071,547
arkhe	3.90M	0.0001	0.1898	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.20%	1,952,384
es-toolkit/compat	2.62M	0.0003	0.1503	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.13%	1,312,073
lodash-es	2.14M	0.0003	0.1485	0.0005	0.0005	0.0007	±0.21%	1,071,897

orderBy withFunctions

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	4.23M	0.0001	4.1114	0.0002	0.0003	0.0004	±1.63%	2,114,047
arkhe	4.11M	0.0001	0.1473	0.0002	0.0003	0.0004	±0.19%	2,057,117
es-toolkit/compat	2.84M	0.0002	0.1479	0.0004	0.0003	0.0005	±0.22%	1,420,935
lodash-es	2.32M	0.0003	0.1717	0.0004	0.0004	0.0007	±0.23%	1,158,952

partition

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	18.48M	0.2055	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.27%	9,239,866
arkhe	18.41M	0.2170	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.39%	9,206,800
es-toolkit/compat	18.40M	0.1525	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.25%	9,200,786
lodash-es	17.55M	0.3515	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.36%	8,775,745

partition largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	35.24K	0.0238	0.3447	0.0284	0.0287	0.0330	±0.37%	17,618
es-toolkit	35.02K	0.0236	0.2195	0.0286	0.0287	0.0410	±0.34%	17,510
es-toolkit/compat	15.12K	0.0625	0.2900	0.0661	0.0653	0.0820	±0.28%	7,560
lodash-es	10.31K	0.0922	0.3848	0.0970	0.0964	0.1118	±0.26%	5,156

reverse

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	1.25M	0.0006	0.1161	0.0008	0.0008	0.0013	±0.20%	623,095
es-toolkit/compat	1.23M	0.0006	0.0637	0.0008	0.0008	0.0013	±0.15%	615,309
arkhe	971.91K	0.0008	0.1234	0.0010	0.0010	0.0020	±0.21%	485,953

sample

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	24.26M	0.0425	0.0001	±0.07%	12,130,425
lodash-es	22.92M	0.0334	0.0001	±0.07%	11,461,530
es-toolkit	22.23M	2.2682	0.0001	±0.89%	11,114,661
es-toolkit/compat	22.19M	0.0376	0.0001	±0.09%	11,094,535

sample largeArray

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	23.34M	0.0379	0.0001	±0.08%	11,671,199
es-toolkit/compat	21.43M	0.0286	0.0001	±0.07%	10,716,008
arkhe	21.16M	0.9787	0.0001	±0.41%	10,580,725
lodash-es	20.56M	12.8988	0.0001	±5.06%	10,281,918

sampleSize

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.01M	0.1174	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.17%	6,007,402
lodash-es	10.94M	3.0010	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.18%	5,469,317
es-toolkit	8.02M	0.1092	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.15%	4,009,255
es-toolkit/compat	7.28M	0.2234	0.0001	0.0002	0.0003	±0.19%	3,640,927

sampleSize largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	363.24K	0.0023	0.1179	0.0028	0.0027	0.0032	±0.21%	181,621
es-toolkit	215.17K	0.0038	0.2340	0.0046	0.0047	0.0059	±0.24%	107,586
es-toolkit/compat	166.19K	0.0053	0.1144	0.0060	0.0060	0.0075	±0.18%	83,094
lodash-es	99.48K	0.0091	0.1473	0.0101	0.0098	0.0148	±0.16%	49,739

shuffle

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	11.44M	3.4105	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.35%	5,718,909
es-toolkit	11.36M	2.2505	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.90%	5,679,772
arkhe	11.03M	0.3259	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.21%	5,515,982
lodash-es	8.96M	0.1284	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.20%	4,479,846

shuffle largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	15.54K	0.0611	0.1611	0.0643	0.0639	0.0808	±0.15%	7,772
arkhe	15.50K	0.0612	0.1676	0.0645	0.0639	0.0811	±0.15%	7,750
es-toolkit/compat	15.48K	0.0613	0.2862	0.0646	0.0641	0.0763	±0.19%	7,738
lodash-es	11.91K	0.0796	0.1775	0.0840	0.0833	0.1009	±0.15%	5,956

take

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	27.67M	0.0275	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	13,834,661
arkhe	19.82M	0.0648	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	9,909,945
es-toolkit	19.72M	0.0583	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.10%	9,860,938
es-toolkit/compat	18.40M	0.0390	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	9,200,937

take largeArray

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	16.58M	0.2341	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.51%	8,289,872
es-toolkit	16.37M	0.2025	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.41%	8,185,126
arkhe	15.54M	0.1426	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.32%	7,772,117
lodash-es	8.06M	10.7319	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±4.21%	4,030,268

takeRight

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	28.19M	0.0355	0.0000	±0.08%	14,095,243
arkhe	20.27M	3.1605	0.0001	±1.46%	10,134,339
es-toolkit	20.21M	0.0990	0.0001	±0.12%	10,104,884
es-toolkit/compat	20.06M	5.5318	0.0001	±2.17%	10,030,388

takeRight largeArray

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	16.79M	9.9103	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±3.90%	8,394,353
es-toolkit	16.69M	0.2613	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.35%	8,343,576
es-toolkit/compat	16.55M	0.1875	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.39%	8,276,249
lodash-es	7.63M	0.2092	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.35%	3,813,675

takeRightWhile

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	24.16M	0.5624	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.42%	12,082,036
arkhe	18.65M	0.0285	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	9,325,411
es-toolkit	18.42M	0.0749	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.10%	9,209,192
es-toolkit/compat	10.01M	0.1940	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.22%	5,004,080

takeRightWhile largeArray

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	22.88M	0.1946	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.11%	11,441,605
es-toolkit	20.88M	0.0552	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	10,442,021
arkhe	20.51M	0.0439	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	10,253,176
es-toolkit/compat	15.71M	0.2390	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.25%	7,857,491

takeWhile

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	29.45M	0.0225	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.07%	14,725,354
lodash-es	28.29M	0.0223	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	14,144,739
arkhe	28.04M	0.0525	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	14,020,749
es-toolkit/compat	15.89M	2.5277	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.01%	7,944,285

takeWhile largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	4.52M	0.0001	0.2165	0.0002	0.0002	0.0005	±0.39%	2,260,061
arkhe	4.44M	0.0001	0.2486	0.0002	0.0002	0.0005	±0.40%	2,218,001
lodash-es	1.92M	0.0004	0.2258	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	±0.14%	959,975
es-toolkit/compat	987.23K	0.0009	0.2283	0.0010	0.0010	0.0012	±0.22%	493,615

toArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	14.49M	0.0000	0.1975	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.23%	7,243,995
lodash-es	3.97M	0.0001	0.1280	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.20%	1,984,715
es-toolkit/compat	3.31M	0.0002	0.1441	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.16%	1,656,526

union

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	6.79M	0.0000	2.5765	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±1.02%	3,394,025
lodash-es	5.99M	0.0001	0.1801	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.18%	2,993,813
es-toolkit	5.79M	0.0000	1.0571	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.45%	2,894,828
es-toolkit/compat	4.89M	0.0001	0.1823	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.19%	2,445,442

union largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	1.67K	0.5423	3.1596	0.5973	0.5832	2.3687	±2.33%	838
arkhe	1.58K	0.5874	2.4272	0.6325	0.6277	0.6851	±1.64%	791
es-toolkit/compat	1.47K	0.6230	2.5870	0.6794	0.6684	1.8060	±1.73%	736
lodash-es	1.39K	0.6679	2.4840	0.7176	0.7060	2.1536	±1.76%	697

unionBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	11.36M	0.0000	0.1621	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.30%	5,680,472
es-toolkit	6.28M	0.0000	0.2316	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.21%	3,140,297
lodash-es	5.29M	0.0001	0.1466	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.22%	2,644,603
es-toolkit/compat	5.15M	0.0001	0.1795	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.13%	2,576,404

unionBy largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	1.38K	0.6722	1.9497	0.7252	0.7275	1.1393	±0.97%	690
arkhe	1.37K	0.6799	3.1655	0.7313	0.7243	0.8085	±1.72%	684
es-toolkit	1.28K	0.7018	3.1464	0.7796	0.7842	2.1074	±1.88%	642
es-toolkit/compat	716	1.2692	2.0309	1.3970	1.3890	1.9306	±0.87%	359

unionWith

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	16.41M	0.1664	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.22%	8,203,420
es-toolkit/compat	12.99M	0.1781	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.21%	6,495,983
es-toolkit	7.76M	0.1026	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.12%	3,880,279
lodash-es	5.69M	10.9708	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±4.30%	2,845,857

unionWith largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	140	7.0244	7.3318	7.1244	7.1622	7.3318	±0.23%	71
es-toolkit	132	7.2915	7.9205	7.5794	7.6664	7.9205	±0.40%	66
es-toolkit/compat	130	7.3953	11.0689	7.6921	7.7157	11.0689	±1.45%	66
arkhe	94.88	7.7197	12.3925	10.5393	12.0651	12.3925	±5.49%	48

uniq

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	18.06M	0.1275	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.18%	9,032,360
lodash-es	17.04M	0.1483	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.21%	8,519,415
es-toolkit	9.77M	0.2123	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.20%	4,886,993
es-toolkit/compat	9.02M	3.5192	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.40%	4,511,558

uniq largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	15.49K	0.0598	0.4290	0.0645	0.0648	0.0796	±0.29%	7,747
es-toolkit/compat	10.11K	0.0925	0.2976	0.0989	0.0994	0.1150	±0.21%	5,054
es-toolkit	10.08K	0.0935	0.3936	0.0992	0.0993	0.1223	±0.23%	5,040
lodash-es	9.93K	0.0940	0.4298	0.1007	0.1005	0.1270	±0.23%	4,967

uniqBy largeArrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	11.41K	0.0825	0.4020	0.0876	0.0879	0.1055	±0.26%	5,707
arkhe	9.07K	0.1037	0.4122	0.1103	0.1100	0.1398	±0.32%	4,534
es-toolkit	8.07K	0.1139	0.4811	0.1238	0.1256	0.1456	±0.33%	4,038
es-toolkit/compat	2.09K	0.4259	0.7735	0.4791	0.4860	0.6657	±0.45%	1,044

uniqBy smallArrays

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	15.83M	0.1691	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.25%	7,914,741
es-toolkit	12.40M	2.4458	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.98%	6,201,731
arkhe	12.23M	0.2225	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.27%	6,115,149
es-toolkit/compat	6.05M	2.9637	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±1.18%	3,025,438

uniqWith largeArrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	3.43K	0.2766	0.4719	0.2912	0.2914	0.3798	±0.25%	1,717
es-toolkit/compat	3.20K	0.2963	0.5269	0.3125	0.3119	0.4129	±0.26%	1,601
es-toolkit	3.19K	0.2964	0.5077	0.3136	0.3135	0.4320	±0.29%	1,595
arkhe	3.11K	0.3049	0.4891	0.3221	0.3216	0.4547	±0.29%	1,553

uniqWith smallArrays

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	18.53M	0.2167	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.30%	9,263,844
arkhe	17.43M	0.1595	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.32%	8,714,524
lodash-es	14.60M	0.2234	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.39%	7,299,520
es-toolkit/compat	10.67M	0.1243	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.12%	5,335,436

unzip largeArrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	15.49K	0.0617	0.1895	0.0646	0.0639	0.0796	±0.19%	7,744
es-toolkit	13.11K	0.0709	9.6561	0.0763	0.0739	0.0943	±3.76%	6,553
es-toolkit/compat	5.58K	0.1706	0.3111	0.1793	0.1795	0.2069	±0.15%	2,789
lodash-es	2.06K	0.4639	0.8361	0.4864	0.4955	0.5778	±0.39%	1,028

unzip smallArrays

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	22.13M	3.1461	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.25%	11,065,474
arkhe	19.32M	0.1884	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.27%	9,659,019
es-toolkit/compat	15.17M	6.1727	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±2.43%	7,585,016
lodash-es	6.63M	0.1772	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.20%	3,312,818

xor

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	3.75M	0.0002	12.7599	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±5.01%	1,877,394
arkhe	3.24M	0.0002	0.1665	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.23%	1,620,551
es-toolkit	3.10M	0.0002	1.9837	0.0003	0.0003	0.0005	±0.79%	1,549,942

xor largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	957	0.9855	3.1228	1.0446	1.0283	1.9953	±1.49%	479
arkhe	606	1.5338	4.3334	1.6499	1.6185	3.3456	±1.97%	304
es-toolkit	585	1.5933	4.3011	1.7081	1.6843	3.6028	±1.77%	293

zip

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	22.98M	0.0000	0.1914	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.30%	11,488,103
es-toolkit	22.43M	0.0000	3.1150	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.62%	11,216,199
es-toolkit/compat	12.41M	0.0000	5.5932	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±2.21%	6,207,327
lodash-es	5.60M	0.0001	0.0982	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.10%	2,801,897

zip largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.43K	0.0444	0.2780	0.0489	0.0472	0.1228	±0.49%	10,215
es-toolkit/compat	19.72K	0.0471	0.3375	0.0507	0.0495	0.1220	±0.37%	9,861
es-toolkit	19.72K	0.0471	0.3077	0.0507	0.0494	0.1208	±0.37%	9,859
lodash-es	14.24K	0.0649	0.3418	0.0702	0.0689	0.1451	±0.45%	7,118

zipWith

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	7.59M	0.0000	0.1427	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.23%	3,796,869
es-toolkit/compat	7.32M	0.0000	0.1856	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.24%	3,660,417
es-toolkit	4.48M	0.0001	0.1367	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.23%	2,238,676
lodash-es	3.75M	0.0002	0.1434	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.21%	1,876,643

zipWith largeArray

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	5.87K	0.1592	0.5600	0.1703	0.1683	0.4225	±0.66%	2,936
es-toolkit/compat	5.47K	0.1676	0.5230	0.1827	0.1811	0.4404	±0.66%	2,738
arkhe	4.45K	0.2121	0.3467	0.2249	0.2248	0.2847	±0.24%	2,224
es-toolkit	2.39K	0.3897	4.4199	0.4184	0.4170	0.4971	±1.59%	1,196

Function11

after

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	22.25M	2.4399	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.24%	11,123,795
arkhe	21.43M	11.5115	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±4.53%	10,716,087
lodash-es	18.61M	0.1673	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.24%	9,305,030
es-toolkit/compat	16.87M	0.3431	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.35%	8,434,627

before

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	22.53M	0.1739	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.53%	2,252,989
arkhe	19.51M	0.1997	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.64%	1,951,213
lodash-es	13.22M	0.2244	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.54%	1,322,224
es-toolkit/compat	11.65M	0.1457	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.46%	1,165,976

curry

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	9.12M	0.0000	2.9215	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.18%	4,558,560
es-toolkit/compat	8.31M	0.0000	0.1536	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.09%	4,153,494
arkhe	7.24M	0.0000	0.1461	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.23%	3,621,901
lodash-es	834.81K	0.0010	0.1512	0.0012	0.0012	0.0018	±0.28%	417,407

debounce

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.53M	0.0002	29.7778	0.0007	0.0003	0.0003	±27.82%	785,693
es-toolkit/compat	847.57K	0.0002	22.5359	0.0012	0.0003	0.0005	±35.14%	425,404
es-toolkit	743.43K	0.0002	189.4000	0.0013	0.0003	0.0006	±77.99%	371,713
lodash-es	540.66K	0.0001	565.9300	0.0018	0.0002	0.0005	±106.26%	571,805

flip

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	29.37M	0.0000	0.0307	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	14,684,414
es-toolkit/compat	19.11M	0.0000	0.2429	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.25%	9,556,040
lodash-es	2.76M	0.0003	0.1897	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.20%	1,380,156

flowRight

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	15.29M	0.0000	0.9634	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.65%	7,643,351
es-toolkit	13.39M	0.0000	0.8330	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.57%	6,693,172
es-toolkit/compat	10.13M	0.0000	1.1743	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.68%	5,065,057
lodash-es	5.45M	0.0001	1.0954	0.0002	0.0002	0.0004	±0.59%	2,723,069

memoize

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	5.32M	0.0001	0.1508	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.15%	2,660,244
arkhe	5.21M	0.0001	4.6983	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±1.85%	2,606,917
es-toolkit	5.06M	0.0001	1.9979	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.80%	2,529,992
lodash-es	3.97M	0.0002	0.1280	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.16%	1,985,750

negate

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	29.10M	0.1029	0.0000	±0.09%	14,550,157
es-toolkit	28.70M	0.1326	0.0000	±0.12%	14,348,764
es-toolkit/compat	24.85M	0.1982	0.0001	±0.26%	12,426,045
lodash-es	24.80M	0.2089	0.0001	±0.33%	12,397,799

noop

Library	ops/s	max	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	30.19M	0.0399	±0.10%	15,094,001
arkhe	29.54M	0.0312	±0.07%	14,769,331
lodash-es	28.80M	0.0412	±0.08%	14,401,616

once

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	30.30M	0.1849	0.0000	±0.12%	15,152,080
es-toolkit	29.43M	0.1465	0.0000	±0.12%	14,715,281
es-toolkit/compat	24.29M	0.2730	0.0001	±0.25%	12,146,683
lodash-es	23.18M	0.2560	0.0001	±0.31%	11,590,053

throttle

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.58M	0.0001	47.3445	0.0006	0.0004	0.0012	±30.21%	791,908
lodash-es	913.72K	0.0001	30.6372	0.0011	0.0003	0.0003	±37.10%	477,855
es-toolkit/compat	820.19K	0.0004	23.3057	0.0012	0.0005	0.0006	±32.45%	410,096
es-toolkit	501.07K	0.0003	143.7200	0.0020	0.0005	0.0023	±54.30%	291,796

Is22

isArray

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	28.11M	0.0383	0.0000	±0.07%	14,055,419
es-toolkit/compat	27.93M	0.0313	0.0000	±0.08%	13,965,319
arkhe	26.03M	0.0491	0.0001	±0.08%	13,013,903

isArrayBuffer

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	6.53M	0.0000	0.1837	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.24%	3,263,177
es-toolkit/compat	6.44M	0.0000	0.1685	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.20%	3,220,427
es-toolkit	6.07M	0.0000	5.7757	0.0002	0.0002	0.0004	±2.27%	3,034,675
lodash-es	128.57K	0.0072	0.2026	0.0078	0.0077	0.0118	±0.15%	64,285

isBoolean

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	33.07M	0.0482	0.0000	±0.12%	16,536,376
arkhe	32.54M	0.0494	0.0000	±0.10%	16,270,439
es-toolkit/compat	31.22M	1.7682	0.0000	±0.71%	15,611,713
lodash-es	20.93M	0.3195	0.0001	±0.16%	10,462,501

isDate

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	12.68M	0.0717	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	6,340,093
arkhe	12.47M	0.0376	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	6,236,952
es-toolkit/compat	11.98M	0.0357	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	5,990,304
lodash-es	6.84M	0.0456	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.08%	3,421,278

isEqual arrays

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	5.27M	0.0001	0.6687	0.0002	0.0002	0.0004	±0.62%	2,635,197
lodash-es	3.91M	0.0001	2.2755	0.0003	0.0003	0.0006	±1.60%	1,952,920
es-toolkit	2.68M	0.0002	1.3430	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.71%	1,340,870
es-toolkit/compat	2.34M	0.0002	12.1924	0.0004	0.0004	0.0009	±4.94%	1,171,690

isEqual dates

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.66M	0.0005	0.9456	0.0006	0.0006	0.0008	±0.49%	831,790
es-toolkit	1.50M	0.0005	0.0534	0.0007	0.0007	0.0009	±0.13%	750,218
es-toolkit/compat	1.49M	0.0005	0.3640	0.0007	0.0007	0.0009	±0.24%	743,202
lodash-es	1.10M	0.0007	0.4010	0.0009	0.0009	0.0013	±0.33%	547,629

isEqual objects

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	2.00M	0.0003	0.2995	0.0005	0.0005	0.0007	±0.38%	1,002,121
es-toolkit	683.45K	0.0012	0.2592	0.0015	0.0015	0.0020	±0.33%	341,725
es-toolkit/compat	676.28K	0.0012	0.4194	0.0015	0.0015	0.0021	±0.36%	338,140
lodash-es	636.93K	0.0013	0.3806	0.0016	0.0015	0.0023	±0.35%	318,558

isEqual primitives

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	25.16M	0.0838	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.12%	12,578,944
arkhe	24.83M	0.9310	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.43%	12,414,660
es-toolkit/compat	12.71M	0.0513	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.10%	6,357,291
es-toolkit	12.69M	0.1376	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.14%	6,342,698

isEqual RegExps

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	6.66M	0.0000	0.3541	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.27%	3,330,046
es-toolkit	6.37M	0.0000	17.3204	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±6.81%	3,185,657
arkhe	5.75M	0.0000	0.3677	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.40%	2,874,038
lodash-es	1.09M	0.0007	0.1600	0.0009	0.0009	0.0012	±0.20%	544,551

isError

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	477.14K	0.0018	0.0608	0.0021	0.0022	0.0027	±0.09%	238,572
es-toolkit/compat	468.70K	0.0018	0.1172	0.0021	0.0022	0.0027	±0.10%	234,352
arkhe	463.86K	0.0020	0.1556	0.0022	0.0022	0.0027	±0.11%	231,933
lodash-es	415.80K	0.0022	0.1905	0.0024	0.0024	0.0027	±0.14%	207,901

isFunction

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	3.87K	0.2458	0.3315	0.2585	0.2613	0.2939	±0.15%	1,935
es-toolkit/compat	3.87K	0.2456	0.4034	0.2587	0.2605	0.3030	±0.18%	1,933
arkhe	3.86K	0.2459	0.3423	0.2591	0.2612	0.3041	±0.18%	1,930
lodash-es	3.73K	0.2544	0.3723	0.2677	0.2701	0.3070	±0.17%	1,868

isMap

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.45M	0.0000	0.3695	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.37%	6,224,690
es-toolkit	12.31M	0.0000	0.1803	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.26%	6,153,857
es-toolkit/compat	11.51M	0.0000	11.2892	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±4.44%	5,754,761
lodash-es	85.68K	0.0107	0.2568	0.0117	0.0117	0.0152	±0.14%	42,841

isNil

Library	ops/s	max	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	28.49M	0.1100	±0.11%	14,246,999
es-toolkit/compat	28.39M	0.0780	±0.11%	14,196,387
lodash-es	28.37M	0.0367	±0.10%	14,183,209
arkhe	28.28M	0.0486	±0.10%	14,142,408

isNull

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	27.45M	0.0177	0.0000	±0.04%	13,723,385
lodash-es	27.12M	0.0392	0.0000	±0.09%	13,558,734
arkhe	26.47M	0.0357	0.0001	±0.09%	13,234,499
es-toolkit	25.87M	0.0157	0.0001	±0.04%	12,936,561

isNumber

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	29.79M	0.0316	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.07%	14,896,301
es-toolkit/compat	28.69M	2.7303	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±1.07%	14,343,938
lodash-es	12.20M	0.0380	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	6,099,313

isObject

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	445.24K	0.0020	0.0959	0.0022	0.0023	0.0027	±0.10%	222,621
es-toolkit/compat	442.57K	0.0020	0.0945	0.0023	0.0023	0.0028	±0.11%	221,286
arkhe	438.14K	0.0021	0.1338	0.0023	0.0023	0.0027	±0.09%	219,069

isPlainObject

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	18.64M	0.0000	0.0382	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	9,319,960
es-toolkit	13.10M	0.0000	2.0395	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.81%	6,549,664
es-toolkit/compat	7.03M	0.0000	0.0298	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.06%	3,517,343
lodash-es	3.60M	0.0002	0.2202	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.19%	1,800,531

isRegExp

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	11.16M	1.8881	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.74%	5,581,479
es-toolkit/compat	10.75M	3.1123	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.22%	5,372,908
arkhe	10.58M	2.1915	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.87%	5,292,500
lodash-es	6.73M	0.0558	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±0.10%	3,363,628

isSet

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	16.58M	0.0000	0.1906	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.28%	8,289,845
es-toolkit	16.54M	0.0000	0.2228	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.23%	8,269,924
es-toolkit/compat	16.02M	0.0000	0.1814	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.31%	8,008,917
lodash-es	137.38K	0.0068	0.3095	0.0073	0.0072	0.0092	±0.20%	68,689

isString

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	22.07M	0.0382	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	11,035,731
arkhe	21.77M	0.0299	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	10,885,359
es-toolkit/compat	20.90M	0.0340	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	10,449,265
lodash-es	13.98M	0.0326	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	6,989,365

isSymbol

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	16.05M	0.2418	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.14%	8,025,303
es-toolkit	15.74M	0.2035	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.18%	7,870,713
es-toolkit/compat	15.46M	0.1936	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.24%	7,731,478
lodash-es	12.16M	9.0154	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±3.54%	6,080,896

isUndefined

Library	ops/s	max	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	30.35M	0.0340	±0.08%	15,177,082
arkhe	30.12M	0.0471	±0.09%	15,061,604
lodash-es	29.29M	0.0302	±0.07%	14,644,322
es-toolkit	28.89M	0.0717	±0.09%	14,446,158

Number4

clamp

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	26.32M	0.0297	0.0001	±0.04%	13,162,375
es-toolkit/compat	26.10M	0.1655	0.0001	±0.08%	13,049,200
es-toolkit	25.79M	0.0380	0.0001	±0.08%	12,893,311
lodash-es	25.36M	0.0173	0.0001	±0.03%	12,679,969

inRange

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	27.54M	0.0342	0.0000	±0.07%	13,771,805
es-toolkit	26.92M	0.0376	0.0000	±0.08%	13,462,153
arkhe	25.76M	0.0343	0.0001	±0.07%	12,881,702
es-toolkit/compat	24.19M	0.0334	0.0001	±0.08%	12,092,609

random

Library	ops/s	max	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	25.19M	0.1688	0.0001	±0.10%	12,595,077
es-toolkit	24.02M	0.0622	0.0001	±0.08%	12,010,381
lodash-es	21.86M	0.0296	0.0001	±0.08%	10,932,148
es-toolkit/compat	20.52M	2.9607	0.0001	±1.16%	10,260,505

toNumber

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	11.51M	0.0000	2.3465	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.92%	5,757,055
es-toolkit/compat	11.36M	0.0000	1.6320	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.90%	5,679,278
lodash-es	1.68M	0.0005	0.1240	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.10%	837,806

Object20

defaults

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	8.32M	0.0000	0.1687	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.17%	4,160,429
es-toolkit/compat	7.60M	0.0000	2.9250	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.45%	3,797,791
lodash-es	4.43M	0.0001	0.1568	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.18%	2,215,631

defaultsDeep

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	5.55M	0.0000	0.1520	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.20%	2,774,362
arkhe	4.72M	0.0001	0.1598	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.22%	2,361,776
lodash-es	2.42M	0.0003	0.1483	0.0004	0.0004	0.0006	±0.22%	1,208,371

findKey

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	23.44M	0.0230	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	11,720,263
es-toolkit	22.39M	3.0513	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.21%	11,192,575
es-toolkit/compat	19.59M	5.2390	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±2.06%	9,795,858
lodash-es	17.17M	0.2842	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.23%	8,586,665

findKey largeObject

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	1.41K	0.7007	0.9180	0.7116	0.7154	0.7625	±0.15%	703
lodash-es	1.40K	0.6933	0.9289	0.7118	0.7178	0.7733	±0.20%	703
es-toolkit/compat	1.39K	0.6996	0.9345	0.7182	0.7252	0.7790	±0.21%	697
arkhe	1.34K	0.7231	1.0385	0.7483	0.7623	0.8301	±0.26%	669

get arrayPath

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.32M	0.0354	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	10,161,915
lodash-es	19.52M	0.3737	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.29%	9,760,682
es-toolkit/compat	18.42M	0.5267	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.44%	9,209,916

get nested

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	11.49M	0.0345	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	5,742,873
es-toolkit/compat	10.78M	0.2622	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.16%	5,390,917
lodash-es	10.09M	0.0311	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	5,046,549

get simple

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	27.23M	0.0310	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	13,612,650
es-toolkit/compat	26.50M	0.0356	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.09%	13,252,303
lodash-es	18.92M	0.0462	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	9,462,147

has

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	25.05M	0.0914	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	12,526,832
lodash-es	16.79M	0.0310	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	8,396,672
es-toolkit/compat	15.52M	0.1188	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.11%	7,761,306

has nested

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	25.82M	0.0378	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	±0.08%	12,909,538
es-toolkit/compat	9.13M	4.8356	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.90%	4,564,279
lodash-es	7.57M	0.0321	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.09%	3,784,874

invert

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	7.84M	0.1840	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.16%	3,922,292
arkhe	7.72M	0.1438	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.17%	3,858,765
lodash-es	7.19M	2.9970	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±1.18%	3,595,952

mapKeys

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	5.23M	0.0001	0.2335	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.21%	2,617,422
lodash-es	5.17M	0.0001	0.0301	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.07%	2,586,681
es-toolkit	5.15M	0.0001	1.3043	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.53%	2,576,789
es-toolkit/compat	4.87M	0.0001	0.1904	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.21%	2,432,610

mapValues

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	10.38M	0.1797	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.11%	5,189,673
lodash-es	8.33M	0.1614	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.23%	4,165,223
es-toolkit	8.17M	0.2024	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.22%	4,084,146
es-toolkit/compat	6.37M	3.1958	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±1.28%	3,184,016

mergeWith

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	4.36M	0.0001	0.9780	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.39%	2,181,440
arkhe	4.26M	0.0001	0.1485	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.15%	2,132,108
lodash-es	3.11M	0.0002	0.1658	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.17%	1,556,775
es-toolkit/compat	1.12M	0.0007	0.1432	0.0009	0.0009	0.0011	±0.19%	559,819

omit

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	5.89M	0.0000	0.1991	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.15%	2,943,590
arkhe	5.82M	0.0001	0.1755	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.16%	2,907,664
es-toolkit/compat	2.15M	0.0003	0.2700	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	±0.21%	1,074,519
lodash-es	2.02M	0.0004	2.7710	0.0005	0.0005	0.0007	±1.10%	1,011,500

omit complex

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	5.40M	0.0001	0.1706	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.21%	2,701,660
es-toolkit	5.32M	0.0001	0.4055	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.23%	2,662,278
es-toolkit/compat	628.61K	0.0014	0.2327	0.0016	0.0016	0.0020	±0.19%	314,303
lodash-es	366.71K	0.0025	0.2952	0.0027	0.0027	0.0034	±0.22%	183,356

omitBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.86M	0.0000	0.2151	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.12%	6,428,555
es-toolkit	9.54M	0.0000	0.0740	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	4,770,274
es-toolkit/compat	3.84M	0.0001	0.2088	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.20%	1,920,248
lodash-es	2.47M	0.0003	0.0590	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.09%	1,237,111

pick

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.76M	0.0000	0.0341	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	6,381,594
es-toolkit	11.76M	0.0000	2.8141	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.11%	5,882,197
es-toolkit/compat	10.94M	0.0000	7.1236	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±2.92%	5,469,651
lodash-es	3.22M	0.0002	0.1605	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.11%	1,607,554

pickBy

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.95M	0.0000	0.2155	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.24%	6,474,049
es-toolkit	12.50M	0.0000	0.2417	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.24%	6,248,062
es-toolkit/compat	4.24M	0.0001	0.1501	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.17%	2,119,687
lodash-es	3.24M	0.0002	0.1358	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±0.18%	1,622,266

set array

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	878.34K	0.0010	0.2059	0.0011	0.0011	0.0014	±0.17%	439,172
es-toolkit/compat	872.07K	0.0010	2.0516	0.0011	0.0011	0.0017	±0.83%	436,034
arkhe	768.16K	0.0011	0.1406	0.0013	0.0013	0.0016	±0.17%	384,083

set dot

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	625.63K	0.0015	0.0862	0.0016	0.0016	0.0019	±0.11%	312,813
lodash-es	534.21K	0.0017	0.1021	0.0019	0.0018	0.0024	±0.13%	267,106
es-toolkit/compat	449.87K	0.0018	1.0807	0.0022	0.0023	0.0043	±0.60%	224,936

String22

camelCase

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	10.64M	0.0000	0.1858	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.28%	5,322,024
es-toolkit	5.33M	0.0001	2.0489	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.82%	2,667,458
lodash-es	3.44M	0.0002	0.1523	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.18%	1,721,140
es-toolkit/compat	2.55M	0.0003	0.1817	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.20%	1,272,815

capitalize

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	14.18M	0.0488	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	7,091,042
es-toolkit	13.83M	3.0591	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.20%	6,915,355
arkhe	13.46M	0.0398	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	6,727,724
lodash-es	11.58M	0.0324	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	5,789,361

deburr

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	4.88M	0.0001	0.2231	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.16%	2,440,385
es-toolkit/compat	4.14M	0.0001	0.1622	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.10%	2,067,522
es-toolkit	4.10M	0.0001	1.5100	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.60%	2,047,896
arkhe	3.88M	0.0002	6.2405	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±2.45%	1,937,938

escape

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	6.62M	0.0000	0.1682	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.14%	3,309,030
arkhe	6.57M	0.0000	0.1949	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.23%	3,284,145
es-toolkit	6.53M	0.0000	1.8152	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.81%	3,264,588
lodash-es	5.91M	0.0001	0.1762	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.18%	2,955,156

escape longString

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	238.65K	0.0040	0.2418	0.0042	0.0041	0.0053	±0.22%	119,325
es-toolkit	238.45K	0.0040	0.1915	0.0042	0.0041	0.0053	±0.22%	119,225
arkhe	234.84K	0.0040	0.2038	0.0043	0.0042	0.0053	±0.22%	117,423
lodash-es	233.73K	0.0040	0.1924	0.0043	0.0042	0.0054	±0.20%	116,866

escapeRegExp

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	1.80M	0.0004	1.2783	0.0006	0.0005	0.0007	±0.51%	900,604
arkhe	1.72M	0.0004	2.0181	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.79%	858,904
es-toolkit/compat	1.68M	0.0004	2.8059	0.0006	0.0006	0.0008	±1.10%	842,350
lodash-es	1.64M	0.0004	0.1083	0.0006	0.0007	0.0008	±0.12%	820,130

kebabCase

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.09M	0.0008	0.1367	0.0009	0.0009	0.0012	±0.13%	547,451
es-toolkit	1.03M	0.0008	0.0879	0.0010	0.0010	0.0012	±0.13%	516,741
lodash-es	704.03K	0.0013	0.1647	0.0014	0.0014	0.0018	±0.13%	352,014
es-toolkit/compat	343.82K	0.0027	0.0823	0.0029	0.0029	0.0035	±0.12%	171,909

lowerFirst

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.78M	0.0355	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.08%	10,389,483
es-toolkit	19.36M	0.0400	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.09%	9,677,775
es-toolkit/compat	19.30M	0.0403	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	±0.09%	9,650,526
lodash-es	17.38M	0.0416	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.09%	8,690,952

snakeCase

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.10M	0.0008	0.1402	0.0009	0.0009	0.0011	±0.16%	551,561
es-toolkit	1.05M	0.0008	0.0658	0.0010	0.0010	0.0012	±0.09%	525,065
lodash-es	692.38K	0.0013	0.1992	0.0014	0.0014	0.0018	±0.19%	346,193
es-toolkit/compat	352.57K	0.0026	0.0888	0.0028	0.0028	0.0034	±0.14%	176,287

template interpolate

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	3.19M	0.0002	4.1862	0.0003	0.0003	0.0004	±1.64%	1,593,956
es-toolkit/compat	545.08K	0.0015	0.0703	0.0018	0.0018	0.0038	±0.23%	272,539
lodash-es	424.79K	0.0020	6.1466	0.0024	0.0023	0.0038	±2.42%	212,396

template nested

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.52M	0.0005	0.1221	0.0007	0.0007	0.0008	±0.14%	758,633
es-toolkit/compat	475.02K	0.0018	0.1661	0.0021	0.0020	0.0034	±0.26%	237,509
lodash-es	390.22K	0.0023	0.1333	0.0026	0.0025	0.0030	±0.15%	195,109

truncate long ascii

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	20.32M	0.5449	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.28%	10,161,335
es-toolkit/compat	12.82M	4.9352	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±1.96%	6,409,935
lodash-es	11.65M	0.3816	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.21%	5,824,254

truncate long unicode

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	11.37M	0.0000	0.3153	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.32%	5,685,917
es-toolkit/compat	88.99K	0.0094	1.1395	0.0112	0.0108	0.0206	±0.80%	44,495
lodash-es	48.38K	0.0178	1.9348	0.0207	0.0203	0.0435	±0.98%	24,189

truncate noop long ascii

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	25.68M	0.0345	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.07%	12,838,367
lodash-es	16.69M	0.0333	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	8,343,851
es-toolkit/compat	14.66M	0.1345	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.13%	7,331,955

truncate noop long unicode

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	26.15M	0.0000	0.0365	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.10%	13,073,282
es-toolkit/compat	96.14K	0.0088	9.6682	0.0104	0.0095	0.0316	±3.80%	48,072
lodash-es	53.27K	0.0174	0.2085	0.0188	0.0188	0.0278	±0.26%	26,635

truncate noop short ascii

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	24.81M	3.7088	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.52%	12,406,590
lodash-es	15.57M	1.3641	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.70%	7,785,262
es-toolkit/compat	14.58M	0.4867	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.33%	7,287,891

truncate noop short unicode

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	26.80M	0.0000	0.0378	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±0.10%	13,397,660
es-toolkit/compat	7.03M	0.0000	4.6212	0.0001	0.0002	0.0002	±1.83%	3,517,422
lodash-es	3.78M	0.0002	0.2841	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.31%	1,891,482

truncate short ascii

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	23.93M	1.8306	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±1.04%	11,962,991
lodash-es	18.52M	0.6806	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.45%	9,259,813
es-toolkit/compat	14.27M	0.3502	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.32%	7,135,037

truncate short unicode

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	23.56M	0.0000	16.4543	0.0000	0.0000	0.0001	±6.48%	11,780,489
es-toolkit/compat	6.59M	0.0000	4.3092	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±3.35%	3,294,918
lodash-es	3.44M	0.0002	1.4352	0.0003	0.0003	0.0006	±0.69%	1,721,949

unescape

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	5.26M	0.0001	7.1318	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±2.80%	2,629,902
lodash-es	4.98M	0.0001	0.0290	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.07%	2,490,634
es-toolkit/compat	4.49M	0.0001	0.1596	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.15%	2,245,805
es-toolkit	4.30M	0.0001	0.0759	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±0.10%	2,151,058

unescape long

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	26.39K	0.0356	0.3169	0.0379	0.0376	0.0493	±0.25%	13,196
lodash-es	26.36K	0.0358	0.2494	0.0379	0.0377	0.0480	±0.20%	13,179
es-toolkit	18.51K	0.0514	0.2733	0.0540	0.0538	0.0637	±0.22%	9,254
es-toolkit/compat	18.38K	0.0514	0.3113	0.0544	0.0540	0.0674	±0.24%	9,189

words

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	3.76M	0.0002	0.1279	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±0.16%	1,879,011
lodash-es	2.19M	0.0003	0.1338	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	±0.15%	1,096,632
es-toolkit	395.31K	0.0024	0.0612	0.0025	0.0025	0.0029	±0.09%	197,654
es-toolkit/compat	315.69K	0.0030	0.9161	0.0032	0.0031	0.0040	±0.37%	157,843

Util4

defaultTo

Library	ops/s	max	rme	samples
lodash-es 🏆	30.76M	0.0336	±0.08%	15,378,390
arkhe	30.44M	0.0259	±0.08%	15,222,213
es-toolkit/compat	30.19M	0.0363	±0.09%	15,096,135

range

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	10.41M	0.0000	4.8912	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±1.94%	5,206,077
arkhe	10.07M	0.0000	0.1443	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.28%	5,034,456
es-toolkit/compat	9.49M	0.0000	5.2777	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±2.09%	4,746,119
lodash-es	5.53M	0.0001	2.7457	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003	±1.10%	2,764,716

times

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit/compat 🏆	1.03M	0.0008	0.0583	0.0010	0.0010	0.0014	±0.13%	515,254
arkhe	928.79K	0.0008	1.3439	0.0011	0.0011	0.0016	±0.56%	464,397
lodash-es	859.05K	0.0009	1.2861	0.0012	0.0012	0.0018	±0.54%	429,524

uniqueId

Library	ops/s	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	11.80M	0.0184	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.07%	5,901,746
es-toolkit/compat	11.59M	0.0377	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.08%	5,795,787
lodash-es	8.56M	0.2271	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.40%	4,279,726

Other6

lowerCase emoji

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	2.22M	0.0003	0.1724	0.0005	0.0005	0.0006	±0.15%	1,110,718
lodash-es	1.77M	0.0005	0.1892	0.0006	0.0006	0.0007	±0.19%	885,146
es-toolkit	864.71K	0.0010	0.2100	0.0012	0.0012	0.0015	±0.18%	432,355
es-toolkit/compat	535.04K	0.0017	0.1717	0.0019	0.0019	0.0022	±0.14%	267,520

lowerCase longString

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	10.72K	0.0892	0.2992	0.0933	0.0923	0.1125	±0.30%	5,358
lodash-es	9.59K	0.1000	0.3318	0.1042	0.1033	0.1244	±0.28%	4,797
es-toolkit	8.67K	0.1109	0.3793	0.1153	0.1147	0.1349	±0.34%	4,336
es-toolkit/compat	2.07K	0.4652	0.6840	0.4843	0.4862	0.6266	±0.27%	1,033

lowerCase shortString

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	12.40M	0.0000	0.1626	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	±0.19%	6,202,041
es-toolkit	6.34M	0.0000	0.1903	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.17%	3,169,127
lodash-es	4.37M	0.0001	0.1261	0.0002	0.0003	0.0003	±0.11%	2,186,245
es-toolkit/compat	2.82M	0.0002	0.2268	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005	±0.20%	1,408,568

upperCase emoji

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	1.82M	0.0004	0.1337	0.0005	0.0005	0.0007	±0.14%	911,325
lodash-es	1.59M	0.0005	0.1612	0.0006	0.0006	0.0008	±0.17%	793,345
es-toolkit	873.17K	0.0010	0.2096	0.0011	0.0011	0.0014	±0.17%	436,588
es-toolkit/compat	537.98K	0.0017	0.1819	0.0019	0.0018	0.0023	±0.21%	268,992

upperCase longString

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
es-toolkit 🏆	7.46K	0.1281	0.3712	0.1340	0.1334	0.1616	±0.30%	3,733
arkhe	7.02K	0.1362	0.3631	0.1424	0.1433	0.1617	±0.28%	3,511
lodash-es	6.63K	0.1453	0.3630	0.1508	0.1509	0.1770	±0.23%	3,316
es-toolkit/compat	2.24K	0.4260	0.6560	0.4461	0.4465	0.6112	±0.32%	1,121

upperCase shortString

Library	ops/s	min	max	mean	p75	p99	rme	samples
arkhe 🏆	8.00M	0.0000	0.0504	0.0001	0.0001	0.0002	±0.09%	3,999,492
es-toolkit	6.13M	0.0000	0.2083	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	±0.17%	3,062,674
lodash-es	3.61M	0.0002	5.9083	0.0003	0.0003	0.0003	±2.32%	1,806,868
es-toolkit/compat	2.79M	0.0002	0.1146	0.0004	0.0004	0.0004	±0.15%	1,392,600

Reproduce These Results

Want to verify these results? See how to reproduce our data.

Arkhe vs Lodash — Full comparison: philosophy, API, migration
Taphos — Performance — Deprecated utilities benchmarks (same libraries)
Equivalence Table — Full library equivalence across all modules

TL;DR​

Methodology​

Does Performance Matter?​

Libraries Tested​

Benchmark Results​

📊 Performance Summary

📈 Weighted Performance Summary

Wins by Category

Why Arkhe Is Slower Sometimes​

Balanced Overview​

📊 Bundle + Performance

Key Takeaways​

Why Arkhe is Fast (on small/medium data)​

When Lodash Wins (on large arrays)​

Detailed Statistics​

Reproduce These Results​

Related